压在肩上的重担

亚洲上涨的价格

压在肩上的重担


亚洲的通胀并不想表面上那样糟糕

Mar 25th 2010 | From The Economist print edition

出身贱民阶层的玛雅瓦蒂目前是印度人口最多邦——北方邦的首席部长,她的支持者献给她花环并戴在她的脖子上以示敬意。印度时报报道,本月早些时候献给给她的一个花环硕大无比,据说有65千克之重。但那个花环不是由金盏花编织,而是面额为1000卢比(每张约合22美元)的新钞扎制而成。 继续阅读“压在肩上的重担”

狡猾的迪克和美元

经济焦点

狡猾的迪克和美元


在经济外交上,尼克松真的有可以教奥巴马的吗?

Mar 25th 2010 | From The Economist print edition

“尼克松冲击”不是在说美国故总统尼克松在1974年为水门事件而下台,也不是在说他在越战期间对柬埔寨大肆轰炸,更不是在说他大胆的造访了共产中国。这词是在说他在1971年8月15日毫无预警的对世界宣布了一套经济政策。这位总统为了遏止通胀,将薪资成长和物价冻结了九十天,终结了美元和黄金可以用一定比例互换的制度(金汇兑本位制),也对进口货物扣上了10%的”附加税”。 继续阅读“狡猾的迪克和美元”

迪拜债务危机:寻找开伞索

迪拜债务危机

寻找开伞索


迪拜公开其债务重组方案

Mar 25th 2010 | From The Economist print edition

 

今年早些时候,纳赛尔•内雅迪在阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜从新近开张的世界上最高的建筑——哈利法塔上纵身跃下。他在不到一分钟的时间内下降了672米(2205英尺),其间,自由坠落的时间达到了10秒钟。

迪拜是阿联酋的七个成员国之一,它也从2008年达到的令人陶醉的顶点开始了坠落,其下降的高度和速度毫不逊于纳赛尔的纪录。它始终把实现软着陆的希望寄托于其富有的邻国阿布扎比。阿联酋90%以上的石油储量%都在阿布扎比境内。但在去年年底那可怕的几个星期内,迪拜的降落伞却怎么也打不开,也可能是这个酋长国手忙脚乱的就是找不到开伞索。

去年11月25日,迪拜政府威胁要拖欠棕榈岛集团(Nakheel)发行的40.5亿美元的伊斯兰债券(sukuk)的偿还,这家陷入困境的房地产开发公司属于迪拜世界,而后者又是为迪拜的发展起了带头作用的三家国有企业集团之一。这一消息将这个酋长国和全球信贷市场一起抛入空中,进入了令人晕头转向的自由坠落状态。地面越来越近,而阿布扎比也及时注入了更多的资金,这笔伊斯兰债券最终按时偿付了。但是,迪拜世界的其它债务仍有待于进行重组。目前还不清楚谁将能拿到钱,付款的时间或配额也都不清楚。

3月25日,迪拜政府对其中的部分问题给出了答案。政府的这份公告并没有提及有新的资金从它的邻国(阿布扎比)或其它地方注入。但公告比以往更详细地阐述了如何将现有的救市资金在各公司、债权人、(购房的)客户和供应商间进行分割。

这一过程将由迪拜金融支持基金监督进行,该基金负责掌管钱袋子,但毫无疑问要听从阿布扎比政府的建议。该基金在迪拜政府和政府资助的商业企业间画出了至关重要的界限。这个基金被人们称为“现金价值审计委员会”。

棕榈岛集团将能得到80亿美元,并将其早些时候到期的12亿美元贷款转变为股权。而且迪拜世界控股的公司所欠的另外89亿美元的债务也将被转变为股权,还能够得到15亿美元新注入的资金。新注入的资金中,57亿美元来自阿布扎比提供的贷款。其余的资金将由迪拜政府自己筹措。

各个公司会怎样花这笔钱呐?迪拜世界表示,欠支持基金或棕榈岛集团的未偿还债务不计在内,到2009年底其外部债权人未清偿的债务高达142亿美元。它说,它将用5年或8年内后到期的新借的贷款来偿还其现已到期债务的本金。至于利息,只字未提。

棕榈岛集团本身还欠有约93亿美元的未偿债务,包括贷款,债券及供应商的应付款项。公开交易的债务证券,如今年和明年到期的伊斯兰债券将如期兑现。对于其他债主而言,情况有点复杂。棕榈岛集团欠银行的债务,包括双边和银团贷款,将足额但不按时地偿还。该公司的个人承包商和供应商在这场危机中受累最深,但一直沉默无语,他们很快就能拿到50万迪拉姆(13.6万美元)的拖欠款。该公司说,这将使棕榈岛集团拖欠款项的承办商数量减少了一半。被拖欠款项的另一半承包商将以现金和可交易的借据组合的方式结清欠款。

这项分配方案中还提到棕榈岛集团的客户。购房者中许多人是采用预付款方式,其中部分要购买的的房产位于迪拜海岸附近的人工岛上,而这些房屋能否完工,目前还不清楚。该公司将要么在今后返还客户的预付款(不付利息),要么向他们提供另一套接近完工的房产作为替代,客户可以在这两者中选择一种方案。

迪拜现在试图向其债权人推销这份协议。而债权人们也很有可能接受这份合同。事实上,他们中有许多人自己就是帮助进行谈判的协调委员会的成员。此次债务重组方案大致与银行家们在去年10月的期望相符。当初要是达成了协议的话,就不会有去年年底的手忙脚乱,慌里慌张并一头栽落下来的景象出现。这个姿势实在谈不上优雅的下落过程现在大概可以终止了。但要重归顶点,恐拍还要走过相当漫长的道路。

《经济学人》(The Economist ( http://www.economist.com ))仅同意ECO (www.ecocn.org)翻译其杂志内容,并未对上述翻译内容进行任何审阅查对。

译者:dqzxf

中英链接及译文讨论:http://www.ecocn.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=32354&extra=page%3D1

阔气的保诚集团

保诚收购友邦

阔气的保诚集团


保险业史上最大的一次兼并案催生了业界最大规模的一次股票增发:美国国际集团和英国保诚集团都为此下了巨大的赌注

Mar 4th 2010 | HONG KONG | From The Economist print edition

保险行业历来都异常的沉闷。本周,英国保诚集团收购美国国际集团(以下简称AIG)亚洲人寿保险公司的协议打破了这一局面。如果这项价值355亿美元的交易顺利达成的话,对保诚和友邦来说都将是一场彻头彻尾的改革,鉴于两家公司股价的波动,交易可能会流产。对于那些计划在亚洲设立分支机构的财务公司来说,该交易会为他们提供一个很好的借鉴,教会他们什么能做什么不能做。 继续阅读“阔气的保诚集团”

出生金融准入构想

出生金融准入构想

每一个孩子出生时都该有个银行账户吗?


俗语有云,你一无所有来到这俗世。一项新的运动将会通过给世界上的每位新生儿一个存有100美元的网上银行账户来改变这一切。世界上有一半的人口被拒斥与主流金融服务之外,出生金融准入(FAB)(FinancialAccess@Birth)运动是要为此做点事情。 继续阅读“出生金融准入构想”

美联储的回归

Kohn and Bernanke, no mugs

美联储的回归
央行失去了副总裁,重拾了名声

美联储在货币政策和监管工作上的失职已经饱受批评,并且他发现他的名声正急剧下跌。众议院已经通过了一项旨在审查美联储货币政策的议案,同时提出另一项提案以削减其监管职责。参议院有几乎三分之一的议员对Ben Bernanke的的连任投了反对票。

继续阅读“美联储的回归”

紧缚替罪羊

空头交易法规

紧缚替罪羊

美国的金融监管者批准了人们期待已久的卖空限制措施

Feb 25th 2010 | NEW YORK | From The Economist print edition
毫无顾忌的乐观主义或许一直是金融危机的主要原因,但是“悲观主义者”也不能作为“英雄”而赢得人们的喝彩。当股市在2008年跳水时,卖空交易者——他们借入股票并将其卖出,寄希望在不久的将来能够以低价平仓,从而在股票价格缩水中获益——扮演着反面角色。此后,政客们一直想要狠狠地打压一下卖空交易者。持续一年的争辩过后,就在昨天,美国证券交易委员会作出回应,批准了限制卖空交易的新规则。

当某只股票的价格在一个交易日中缩水10%或者更多时,金融监管者就将会启动限制措施。那时,只有在股票交易价高于市场中的最优标价时,做空交易才被允许。这一条款可能会影响到许多股票——在普通的交易日,是股票数目的4%,而在股价出现大幅度震荡时,数目会更多,美国证券交易委员会如此计算到。
这项新措施无法同“报升规则”相提并论,而有些人过去一直要求彻底重启“报升规则”。“报升规则”——在2007年被撤销(恰好在金融危机爆发之前)——覆盖整个股票市场,不仅囊括那些面临着巨大压力的股票,而且只有当某股票的成交价高于紧接着之前的一个交易价时,卖空交易才能通过。
尽管是作为一种折衷方案,但是新规则在委员会内部还是争议不断。委员会的5个成员中,有两位委员投了反对票。其中一位持异议者,Kathleen Casey,抱怨道,该行动更多地为公共关系所指引,而实证分析对其牵引得较少,并且“我们应该抵制(那些)只不过为向外界宣布我们一直在行动而去行动的冲动”。有些人认为这涉及到委员会面临的巨大政治压力,在这一压力下,委员会拿卖空交易者开刀,而其他人将其作为对委员会新任主席Mary Schapiro的讽刺。在其任职的过去一年中,Schapiro女士尝试着匆匆通过一连串崭新举措来反击关于“美国证券交易委员会缺乏办事魄力”的非议。
人们有理由认为,新规则将不会发挥作用。研究表明,在2008年岁末之时,对卖空交易进行临时性禁止,就算有效果,也是微乎其微。更令人担心的是,限制卖空交易可能会损害市场的公正和效率——这两个市场特点正是Schapiro女士宣称(自己)想要去促进的。卖空交易者增加了市场的流动性。在指认某些匿有财务造假的公司(例如安然或雷曼)事件中,他们也发挥了关键作用。人为空头交易(举个例子,通过购买并不存在的股票)是另一码事,但是SEC已经宣布那类交易违法。
但是,难合人意的折衷方案在当下的金融改革中屡屡出现,成为一股风气。更具代表性的例子是(那些)巨无霸般的方案,要想得到参议院的通过,那可得费不小的周折。已经看到了被寄予厚望的消费者金融保护机构遭到八方非议,据传闻,现在的白宫正面临着此番形势:美国政府提议的“禁止(主要是银行——译者注)从事自营交易”的规定(“沃尔克法规”)也将会打去不少折扣。卖空交易者并非是现在唯一的受压方。

《经济学人》(The Economist ( http://www.economist.com ))仅同意ECO (www.ecocn.org)翻译其杂志内容,并未对上述翻译内容进行任何审阅查对。

译者:inter英杰
中英链接及译文讨论:http://www.ecocn.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=31662&highlight=

Fundamental questions 极其重要的问题

Capital controls 资本控制

Fundamental questions 极其重要的问题

The IMF changes its mind on controls on capital inflows 国际货币基金组织在控制资本流入的问题上改变想法。

Feb 18th 2010 | From The Economist print edition

LEFTOVER piles of slushy snow from the heaviest snowfall in over a century make it hard to take sharp turns on the roads of Washington, DC, these days. But the past couple of weeks have seen plenty of ideological swerves at the IMF’s downtown headquarters.
百年不遇的特大暴雪袭击华府过后,现在的街道上残留着成堆的雪泥,如此路况驾车,要是来个急转弯,可不够呛?但是过去几周,在华府商业区的IMF总部中,却发生了许多观念的转变。

Earlier this month the fund’s chief economist, Olivier Blanchard, questioned the focus of modern macroeconomic policy on keeping inflation low, arguing that central banks should aim at an inflation rate of 4%, rather than the conventional goal of 2%. Now a paper* by a group of IMF economists suggests that the fund has substantially rethought its position on the use of restrictions by emerging markets on capital inflows. It concludes that controls are sometimes “justified as part of the policy toolkit” for an economy seeking to deal with surging inflows.
这个月的早些时候,国际货币基金组织的首席经济学家Olivier Blanchard对现代宏观经济政策的重心——将通胀维持于低水平——提出了质疑,并认为中央银行应该将目标定在4%的通货膨胀率,而非作为传统目标的2%。如今,一篇报告——由IMF的一群经济学家撰写——这样认为,国际货币基金组织在关于新兴市场国家对资本入境的限制措施如何使用的问题上已经切实再三思考其立场。文章结论道,资本控制有时是一经济体政策工具组合中的合理一部分,它使该经济体摸索出如何去处理海量外资入境的方法。

This is surprising. The fund has historically opposed capital controls, even trying in 1997 to amend its articles of agreement to allow it explicitly to promote capital- account liberalisation. Its economists have argued both that capital controls are costly because they induce distortions to resource allocation and that they are not effective because they are easily evaded. But there is a contradiction between these arguments: if controls have no effect, how can they be distortionary?
这令人吃惊。从历史的角度来看,国际货币基金组织一贯反对资本控制,在1997年亚洲金融危机时,它甚至尝试修改该组织协议中的一些条款,好使其公开倡导资本性账户自由化。该组织中的许多经济学家一直认为资本控制代价高昂(因为这样做会导致资源分配扭曲)并且毫无效果可言(又因为可以轻易地避开资本控制)。但是上述观点中确有一矛盾之处,即:如果资本控制没有效果,那它们是怎样造成资源分配扭曲的呢?

The new paper provides some welcome clarity on the effectiveness of inflow controls. Its authors find that GDP fell less sharply during the financial crisis in countries that already had such policies in place. Prior research has shown that the maturity structure of a country’s external liabilities gets longer as a result of capital controls. The composition of inflows also seems to matter. Countries with a larger overall stock of debt had bigger credit booms and suffered bigger growth collapses during the crisis. So too did countries with more foreign direct investment (FDI) in the financial sector. Unlike other types of FDI, these flows contribute to debt growth because they include lending from parent banks to local subsidiaries. “The use of capital controls,” the fund’s economists write, “was associated with avoiding some of the worst growth outcomes.”
刚出炉的报告在外资控制是否有效的问题上提供了一些可喜的澄清。报告的作者们发现,资本控制政策到位的许多国家在金融危机期间,其GDP的缩减并不严重。先前的研究一直表明,由于资本控制,一国的外债到期结构可以延续较长的时间。外资的构成也显得十分重要。承担着更为庞大债务的国家会出现更大规模的信贷激增并且在经济危机期间蒙受更为巨大的增长崩溃。同样,金融领域中出现更多境外直接投资的一些国家也会产生类似的结果。与其他类型的境外投资不同,这种资金流入会助推债务的增长,因为这种资金流动包括总行(指外国银行的总行——Y版主注)向国外地方银行注资。“使用资本控制,”国际货币基金组织的经济学家们写道,“与避免一些最为严重的经济衰退后果有关”

The economists are also candid about situations in which capital controls may be needed. In the past the fund has urged countries facing surging capital inflows to allow their exchange rates to appreciate or to accumulate reserves. But exchange rates can overshoot, with consequences for the competitiveness of a country’s exports. And if reserves are adequate, then further accumulation is not optimal.
关于怎样的局面下需要采取资本控制,经济学家们也有清楚的交待。在过去,IMF常常敦促面临海量境外资金流入的国家要么升值本国货币,要么积累(本国货币)准备金。但是汇率工具用得过头,其结果是伤害本国的出口竞争力。接着,如果准备金充足,那么进一步增加(准备金)就不是最优选择。

If allowing exchange rates to adjust is not a viable option, the fund has typically advocated cutting interest rates to make the country less attractive to foreign funds. One reason for the resurgence in capital flows to emerging markets—which the Institute of International Finance, a financial-industry association, thinks will rise to $721.6 billion in 2010 from $435.2 billion last year—is the difference between their interest rates and the very low rates of the rich world. But some countries would risk overheating if they cut any further.
如果调整汇率政策不是一个可行的选择,那么IMF一般就会建议削减利率来使该国避免成为境外资金的垂涎之地。资金再次流入到新兴市场的原因之一——国际金融研究所,一家金融产业协会,认为流入(新兴市场的)资金额将会从去年的4352亿美元上升至2010年的7216亿美元——是富裕国家的利率呈超低之势而新兴市场则并非如此。但是,如果削减利率过了度,那么一些国家可能会出现经济过热。

The fund’s reconsideration of capital controls suggests that it is trying to adapt its advice to global economic realities. That is welcome. But the paper has little to say about what an effective and non-distortionary system would look like. Now that the IMF views controls on inflows more kindly, perhaps it could help countries to design them more cleverly.
国际货币基金组织对资本控制的再思考表明它正在力图使其建言同全球经济现状相适应。那值得称赞。但是这篇报告却对有效并且未被扭曲的(或“公正有效的”——译者注)系统是何等模样只字不提。既然IMF以更为赞许的态度看待“境外资金流入控制”,那么这或许有助于世界各国更为灵活地去规划它们的经济政策(控制资金流入政策——译者注)。

* “Capital Inflows: The Role of Controls” by Jonathan Ostry, Atish Ghosh, Karl Habermeier, Marcos Chamon, Mahvash Qureshi and Dennis Reinhart.

译者:intel英杰
如想与译者本人对该文进行切磋,请到如下链接:http://www.ecocn.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=31204

Kabuki economics 夸张的日本经济

Japan’s fragile economy 日本脆弱的经济

Kabuki economics 夸张的日本经济

A set of positive indicators hides troubling realities 一组表现优异的宏观经济指标暗藏着许多令人不安的现实。

Feb 18th 2010 | TOKYO | From The Economist print edition

Kabuki economics
Kabuki economics

PICK a number, any number. Statistics released this week show that the Japanese economy staged a vigorous rebound in the fourth quarter of last year. Real gross domestic product grew by 1.1% from the previous quarter, which amounted to an annualised rate of 4.6% (see chart). The economy is growing, but the closer you look the murkier things get.
(分析日本经济)挑选一组数据,任一数据(都藏有不安)。这周公布的数据表明,去年第四季度日本经济出现了强势反弹。第四季度实际国内生产总值较第三季度增长了1.1%——按年率计算为4.6%(见图表)。日本经济正在回升,但是你越仔细观察她,越是难以看清她。

The bounce in fourth-quarter GDP partly reflects the economy’s starting point. In the previous quarter growth had been nil, having been readjusted downward twice, from an initial estimate of 1.2% in November and a revised one of 0.3% in December. (If the latest numbers are to be believed, Japan’s GDP ended up contracting by 5% last year.)
去年第四季度国内生产总值的回升在一定程度上可以看成是经济发展的起点。上一季度(指2009年第三季度——译者注)的经济增长率为0%,(该季度经济)增长年率向下调整了两次——一次是从1.2%(11月)下调到0.3% (12月),后又从0.3%(12月)下调到0%。(1.2%和0.3%均是按年率计算所得,若以0.3%的年率为计算基础,则第三季度环比经济增长率为0.0749%。根据第三季度年增长率为0,得出该季度经济环比增长率为0%——译者注)(如果最近的数据可信,那么2009年日本国内生产总值会以缩水5%收官)

(这里的-5%与前面的季度环比增长率的年率计算和季度环比增长率的计算都没有关系,其计算公式为A*(1+R)^y=B 其中A为计算增长率的期前数,B为期末数,R为增长率,y为所覆盖到的年份数,此处A为2008年日本国内生产总值,B为2009年日本生产总值 R即为这里要求解的-5%,y等于1. 如果第四季度(the latest number)的环比增长率今后不改动,那么日本2009年全年的GDP不会变动,故可求出2009年的经济增长率——译者注)

Similar revisions are possible this time round. Japan’s number-crunchers continually update the economic numbers using new information and eschew statistical methods to smooth the figures, as in other countries. Like Japanese kabuki theatre, in which characters use exaggerated gestures to energise the audience, the country’s statistics unrealistically magnify both good news and bad.
这次可能也要做出类似的数据修正。日本内阁府中的财务省屡屡利用新信息来更新宏观经济数字并且没有像其他国家一样采用统计方法来平滑数据。在日本的歌舞伎座剧场里,表演者利用夸张的举止来感染观众,同样,这个国家的宏观经济数据不切实际地同时夸大利好消息和利空消息。

The uncertainties do not end there. The big drivers of growth last quarter were domestic demand, which contributed 2.1 percentage points to annualised GDP growth, and exports, which contributed 2.2 percentage points. (The balance came from public-sector demand.) This might suggest that Japan’s economy is gradually rebalancing away from a dependence on external demand. Not so.
经济发展的不确定性依然存在。上一季度经济增长的主要驱动力是国内需求,它给GDP的年增长率贡献了2.1个百分点,同时还有出口,它则贡献了2.2个百分点。(剩下0.3个百分点来自于公共需求)。这或许表明日本经济正逐渐恢复平衡,告别了(过去两个季度中)依靠外需的经济增长模式。但是事实并非如此。

Nearly all the growth in consumer spending came from durable goods like cars and electronic gadgets, which have benefited from government subsidies introduced last year. These subsidies are ending in September (for cars) and December (for electronics and appliances). Once durable goods are removed from the data, consumer spending in the fourth quarter was flat. That is unsurprising. Wages are falling and unemployment, though below its peak of 5.7% last July, remains above 5%, high by Japanese standards. Household consumption fell in 2009 as a whole but sales of beansprouts, a classic belt-tightening purchase in Japan, jumped by more than 10%.
几乎所有私人消费开支的增加都来自于耐久商品诸如汽车和电子设备的购买,这得益于去年政府推出的补贴计划。汽车补贴在9月份结束,而在12月,家用电器的补贴也告一段落。一旦将耐用消费品的开销不纳入数据,那么第4季度私人消费开支便呈低迷之状。这一点都不奇怪。工资在下降并且失业率,尽管低于去年7月份的峰值5.7%,但是依然徘徊在5%以上,这高于日本标准。家庭消费在2009年整体下降但是豆芽菜的销量却跳升了10%还多,在日本,豆芽菜是勒紧裤带度日的传统食品。

What about investment? Capital expenditure rose by 1% in the final three months of 2009, the first increase in seven quarters. But that came after a cumulative 25% decline since mid-2008. Firms’ capacity-utilisation rate, which measures the usage of existing equipment, is low. This suggests that capital expenditure has stabilised but not recovered, says Hiroshi Shiraishi of BNP Paribas.
那投资如何呢?资本开支在2009年最后一个季度上升了1%,是七个季度以来的首升。但那是在经历了自2008年中期以来累计下跌25%之后出现的。企业的产能利用率——用来测量现有设备的利用程度——处于低位。这表明资本开支一直稳定但是并没有恢复,法国巴黎银行的Hiroshi Shiraishi如是说。

That leaves exports, Japan’s normal route out of recessions. Exports produce the bulk of corporate profits, even though domestic consumption accounts for about 60% of GDP. The recovery is fragile here too. The country’s biggest export destination last quarter was China, sales to which increased by 43% in December alone. As Beijing tamps down on bank lending to address potential overheating, that number may yet turn out to be another illusion.
剩下的就是出口了,它是日本摆脱经济衰退的正规之路。日本的出口带来了丰厚的企业利润,尽管国内需求在GDP中的比重约占到60%。 经济复苏(的基本面)依旧脆弱。去年第四季度日本最大的贸易出口对象是中国,单单在12月,日本对中国的贸易额就上升了43%。 随着中国政府打压银行信贷来应对可能出现的经济过热,那一数据还可能最终证明是另一番幻影。

译者:Intel英杰
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Beyond the black stuff 远不止石油本身

The oil industry
石油工业
Beyond the black stuff
远不止石油本身

Big Oil is being forced rethink its future
大石油公司被迫重新考虑它的未来Feb 4th 2010 | From The Economist online

ON THE face of it the world’s big and publicly quoted oil companies should be celebrating some pleasing results this week. Royal Dutch Shell unveiled its results on Thursday February 4th, reporting that it had made $9.8 billion in 2009. Two days earlier BP boasted profits of $14 billion for the same year. Yet these billions are a disappointment compared with the bonanza of previous years (Shell, for example, raked in $31.4 billion in 2008 alone) when soaring oil prices pulled profits ever higher.
表面上看,世界上那些大型上市石油企业理应为本周一些喜人的消息好好庆祝一番。荷兰皇家壳牌公司于2月4号星期4披露了自己的财务报表,那就是它在2009年获利98亿美元。就在2天之前,英国石油公司还吹嘘了他们同年度盈利140亿美元的消息。然而,在之前几年中,猛增的油价带动了利润大幅增长(例如:壳牌公司单单在2008年一年中就迅速赚得了314亿美元),比起之前的大走鸿运,这区区的几十亿美元就显得微不足道了。

In the long term, however, the firms’ success depends on sustaining reserves. The big western oil companies are trying to expand through acquisitions and investment, but the opportunities do so are becoming scarcer. The firms are spending where they can. Exxon Mobil, the biggest listed oil company, says that exploration and capital spending hit $27.1 billion in 2009, 4% higher than in 2008. The company expects to spend $25 billion to $30 billion annually to the same end over the next five years. BP intends to spend some $20 billion this year on investment in new projects and drilling, roughly the same level as last year.
可是,从长远看来,这些企业的成功之道都取决于持续的储量。大型的西部石油公司想通过收购或者投资来扩大规模,但是可以这么做的机会变的越来越小。这些公司现在在任何他们可以做到的地方出资。埃克森美孚,作为世界上最大的上市炼油公司,公布了在2009年,其考察与资金花费达到了271亿美元,比2008年高出4个百分点。美孚公司希望在未来的5年中,通过每年花费250-300亿美元来达到同样的效果。英国石油公司打算今年出资200亿美元用于新项目投资和钻井上,这基本和去年保持一致。

But there are limits to what money can buy. State-controlled rivals—in the Middle East, Russia and beyond—jealously guard oil reserves on their home patches. Few new big fields of oil, at least those that are easy to reach and cheap to exploit, have been discovered in recent years. And where new opportunities emerge, such as in Iraq, Western oil giants are scrambling to pay big sums at auctions for drilling rights in territory where the local government tightly limits their returns. Even then, competition from Chinese, Russian and other state-run oil firms can be severe. National oil companies will often pay prices that would alarm shareholders in the big listed oil companies
但是,单单有钱并不能买到一切。在中东存在着一些国家控制型对手,俄罗斯及其更远地方的国家也警觉的保护起他们自己领土上的石油储量。现在鲜有大型油田被发现,至少那些容易获得并可以廉价开采的地方已在近几年被挖掘一空。新的机遇出现了,例如在伊拉克,那些西部石油巨鳄们争抢着去付巨资以买到领土上的钻井权,尽管当地政府严格的限制了他们的回报。即使这样,他们同中国,俄罗斯以及其他一些国有石油公司之间的竞争也很激烈。国有石油公司将常常付出令大型上市石油公司的股东们错愕的巨资。

Thus Western firms are increasingly looking for different sorts of growth. One option is to deploy their expertise in the hunt for oil that is harder to reach, for example deep offshore, or to go for reserves such as tar sands that are trickier, and so much pricier, to refine.
事实上,西部(石油)公司正日益寻找可以增加效益的不同方法,一个选择就是施展他们在寻找石油发面的专业知识,找到那些更难开采到的石油。比如:去深海的大陆架海寻找储量。例如说焦油砂。但是其过程很棘手,精炼时需要的费用也更高。

Another route is to speed up the quest for other energy reserves. France’s Total has branched out into nuclear-power generation. This week Shell announced a $12 billion joint-venture with Cosan, a Brazilian producer of ethanol from sugar cane. This is something of a change of tack. Exxon and Shell are both spending money on “second generation” biofuels made from algae or waste materials, but these could take years to develop. Now Shell can sell Cosan’s “first generation” wares through it global distribution network.
另一个方法就是加快探索其他能源的储量,来自法国的total公司已经将业务拓展到核能发电上。这周,壳牌公司宣布了一个与科桑公司高达120亿的合资企业,后者是一个从甘蔗出提取乙醇的制造商。这具有改弦易辙的意义。美孚同壳牌同时出资购买“第二代”生物燃料,这些燃料是从水藻和废物中获得,但是它仍然需要很多年继续发展。如今:壳牌公司可以通过全球分销网络来出售科桑公司的“第一代”产品。

By far the biggest bet laid, however, has been on natural gas. Around 40% of Shell’s daily production is now in the form of gas. Total and BP are not far behind. Gas is increasingly important for power generation and heating and the global market is expected to grow by half by 2030. Big oil companies are keen to expand, calculating that their skills at managing huge capital projects will be useful when building gas-liquefaction plants that make the stuff readily transportable. Late last year Chevron, Shell and Exxon agreed to spend $37 billion to develop the Gorgon field off Australia, another potentially huge source of gas.
可是这却是一场关于天然气的巨赌。每天约有40%的壳牌产品是由天然气的形式供能。Total和英国石油公司也紧随其后。天然气对于发电和热能的地位都变得日益突出,到2030年,全世界天然气市场预计会上升50%。大型石油公司渴望扩大规模,估算好自己对控制大量资金项目的能力将对他们建设气体液化工厂有积极作用,工厂的存在使得天然气运输也更加容易。去年年末,雪弗龙,壳牌以及美孚公司同意出资370亿美元来发展在澳州大陆沿海的Gorgon油田,这也是天然气的另一个巨大潜在资源。

Nonetheless investors remain cautious because prices are volatile. Exxon’s shares fell in December when the firm bid $30 billion for XTO Energy, which gets its gas from “unconventional” shale beds. Gas prices have tumbled in the past couple of years as new projects, especially shale, came on stream just as the global recession lessened demand. And technological improvements have made the huge reserves of gas in America, from shale beds and the like, a commercial prospect. BP believes that these factors will keep gas prices weak for three or four years, but it could be longer. Though national oil companies have forced the Western oil giants to look farther afield for new reserves, the oil prices, unlike gas prices, are supported by the state-owned firms that make up OPEC.
尽管如此,由于价格波动的原因,投资者仍非常谨慎。由于12月美孚公司出价300亿美元收购克洛斯提柏能源公司,导致股价下跌,克洛斯提柏公司是从“非常规”的页岩床获取天然气。在过去的几年,作为新项目的天然气价格已经下跌,特别是在页岩开始有发展趋势之时,正好赶上了全球经济萧条,以至于天然气需求减少。技术改善使得美国从页岩床取得的庞大的天然气储备,有了一个商业性的前景。英国石油公司相信这些因素将导致接下来的3-4年或许更长的时间内,天然气的价格仍将维持很低的水准。虽然国有石油公司已迫使西方石油巨头寻找更新,更远的储备,石油不像天然气,油价被构成欧佩克组织的国有公司所支撑。

译者:nick_ren
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