Idea
理念

Globalisation
全球化

Jul 20th 2009
From Economist.com

Globalisation is the more or less simultaneous marketing and sale of identical goods and services around the world. So widespread has the phenomenon become over the past two decades that no one is surprised any more to find Coca-Cola in rural Vietnam, Accenture in Tashkent and Nike shoes in Nigeria. The statistic that perhaps best reflects the growth of globalisation is the value of cross-border world trade expressed as a percentage of total global GDP: it was around 15% in 1990, is some 20% today and is expected by McKinsey & Company, a consulting firm, to rise to 30% by 2015.

全球化差不多就是在全世界范围内的市场的同步化以及商品和服务的统一化。在过去的20年里,这一现象已经变得极为普遍,以至于就算是在越南的一个小乡村里找到了一瓶可口可乐,或者是听说埃森哲咨询公司[译注1]开到了塔什干[乌兹别克斯坦共和国首都],耐克买到了尼日利亚,也不会有人感到很惊讶。或许统计数字能比较好的反映全球化的发展情况:1990年,全球跨境贸易的总额只占全世界GDP的15%左右。今天,这个数字达到了20%。麦肯锡咨询公司[译注2]预则到2015年,这个数字会达到30%。

Use of the word in this business context is alleged to go back at least as far as 1944, but its first very visible appearance was in the writings of Theodore Levitt (see article), a professor of marketing whose article published by Harvard Business Review in 1983 was entitled “The Globalisation of Markets”. In it he foresaw “the emergence of global markets for standardised products on a previously unimagined scale of magnitude”.

在商业领域开始使用“全球化”这个词至少可以追溯到1944年。但是它第一次真正地被明确提出是在Theodore Levitt的一篇文章上。Theodore Levitt是一位营销学的教授。他的文章《市场的全球化》发表在1983年的哈佛商业评论上。他在文中预测到“一个产品高度标准化的全球性市场即将到来,这种标准化程度将是前所未见的”

In “Can We Sustain Globalisation?”, a report published in 2007 by SustainAbility, a consulting firm, the authors wrote:

永续咨询公司[译注3]2007发表的一篇报告《我们能一直保持全球化吗?》中,作者写到:

Frustratingly Levitt did not provide a compelling definition of globalisation in his article—and the void has subsequently encouraged a dizzying proliferation of competing definitions.

遗憾的是Levitt在文中并没有对全球化给出一个让所有人都能接受的定义。这个空缺就造成后来出现的大量分歧的定义。

The report claims to have come across more than 5,000 of them. SustainAbility’s favourite is one provided by two Economist journalists. Globalisation, they wrote, “is the freer movement of goods, services, ideas and people around the world”.

这份报告称遇到过5000多种定义。永续公司最满意的定义是由两个经济学人的记者提出来的——“全球化就是世界范围内商品、服务、思想和人员更自由地流动”

The concept was popularised by an American journalist, Thomas Friedman, in his book “The World is Flat”. Published in 2005, it reached the top of several bestseller lists with its headline message that the world is now just one big integrated market.

这个观点被一个美国记者Thomas Friedman的著作《世界是平的》大为推广。这本书出版于2005年,一度在很多畅销书排行榜上都是第一名。它的题目想告诉人们的就是,这个世界其实就是一个大的整合了的市场。

Globalisation has been encouraged by:

全球化的动力来源:

• the growing liberalisation of markets around the world, giving western multinationals access to customers they never thought they would reach;

•世界范围内的市场自由化,让西方诸国有机会得到他们以前从未想过能接触到的消费群;

• easy internet access and cheap international telecommunications, the most obvious manifestation of which is call centres in India that are servicing customers and corporations in Europe and the United States;

•便捷的互联网和花费低廉的国际电子通信。最有力的证据就是,设于印度的电话呼叫中心,其服务的对象却是在欧洲和美国的消费者和公司;
• the rapid growth of large developing countries such as China, India and Brazil, and their growing demand not only for western consumer goods and technologies but also for goods and services from other developing countries. Trade between China and Africa, for instance, rose from $3 billion in 1995 to over $32 billion in 2005.

•中国、印度和巴西这些大的发展中国家的高速发展。在增长的不仅是它们对西方消费品和技术的需求,而且还有它们对其他发展中国家商品和服务的需求。例如,中国和非洲的贸易额,从1995年的30亿增加到2005年的320多亿。

Companies have approached globalisation in two distinct ways. On the one hand are those such as Gillette and Heineken that have made little concession to local tastes and manufacture their goods in a few centralised production facilities that follow strictly uniform standards. “The product must be the same everywhere,” wrote a Heineken chairman recently. “To ensure quality, every 14 days our breweries send samples to professional tasters in the Netherlands.”

有两种截然不同的方式来实现公司的全球化。一种是像吉列和喜力一样,仅根据当地要求做一些小调整,然后在少数中心化的工厂里严格统一标准化地生产他们商品。“所有地方的产品必须一模一样”喜力总裁最近如是说“为了保证质量,我们各地的啤酒厂每14天就会给荷兰专业品酒师寄去一份样品。”

On the other hand are companies that tailor their products or services for each local market. Among them are Japanese carmakers such as Toyota, which now has plants in several countries producing for local markets, and Coca-Cola, which never tastes quite the same from one country to the next. A former chief executive of Coca-Cola admitted that the company had once upon a time changed its globalisation strategy. “We used to be an American company with a large international business,” he said. “Now we’re a large international company with a sizeable American business.”

另一种方式就是为当地的市场量身定做他们的商品或者服务。这样的公司有日本的汽车制造商丰田和可口可乐。丰田目前计划在几个国家开始本土化的生产。可口可乐在每个国家的味道都不完全一样。可口可乐的前任首席执行官承认他们公司曾经一度改变过他们的全球化战略“我们从前是个有很多国际业务的美国公司。”他说到“现在我们是个拥有大量美国业务的庞大的国际化的公司。”

Further reading
延伸阅读

Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S., “Going Global: Lessons from Late Movers”, Harvard Business Review, March 2000

Bartlett, C.A.和Ghoshal, S.,全球角逐:后发未必后至,哈佛商业评论,2000年3月

Friedman, T., “The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Globalised World in the Twenty-first Century”, Allen Lane, 2005; Penguin 2006

Friedman, T.,《世界是平的:21世纪简史》,Allen Lane(英国出版商),2005;企鹅图书 2006

Ghemawat, P., “Redefining Global Strategy: Crossing Borders in a World Where Differences Still Matter”, Harvard Business School Press, 2007

Ghemawat, P.,《重新定义全球化战略:地区差异仍然举足轻重》,哈佛商学院出版社,2007

Levitt, T., “The Globalisation of Markets”, Harvard Business Review, May–June 1983

Levitt, T.,市场全球化,哈佛商业评论,1983年5月-6月

Stiglitz, J., “Globalisation and its Discontents”, W.W. Norton, New York, and Allen Lane, London, 2002

Stiglitz, J., 全球化与不满,W.W. Norton(出版社)纽约,和Allen Lane(出版社),伦敦,2002

More management ideas

更多管理学的理念

This article is adapted from “The Economist Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus”, by Tim Hindle (Profile Books; 322 pages; £20). The guide has the low-down on over 100 of the most influential business-management ideas and more than 50 of the world’s most influential management thinkers. To buy this book, please visit our online shop.

这篇文章改编自《经济学人大师级管理理念指南》,作者是Tim Hindle(Profile Books出版社;322页;20英镑)。这本指南详细列举了100多个最有影响的商业管理理念和50多位世界上最有影响的管理学思想家和他们幕后的真实故事。要买这本书,请访问我们的网上书店。

译注:
1.埃森哲(Accenture,NYSE:ACN)是一个管理咨询、信息技术和业务流程外包的跨国公司。2008年埃森哲在49个国家有超过18万6千名员工,营业额约233亿美元,是世界上最大的管理咨询公司和《财富》世界500强公司之一。埃森哲通过企业策略、业务流程、信息技术和人员组织的紧密结合,帮助客户实现具有深远意义的变革,提高客户的绩效水平,并以出众的领导能力、成功决心、专业服务和质量承诺在客户中享有盛誉,其客户包括《财富》世界500强中超过三分之二的跨国公司、各国政府机构以及军队。
维基词条http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE%E5%93%B2&variant=zh-cn
公司网站http://www.accenture.com/

2.麦肯锡公司(英语:McKinsey & Company,简称麦肯锡)为一家全球型管理顾问公司,营运重点是提供公私部门的高阶管理层级人士正确的解决方案(Business Solutions)。
麦肯锡的服务对象是全世界的领导企业、各国政府和专门机构等,其专业学识、服务效率、人际素养和人才素质等,使其在管理顾问界备受极高的佳誉[2];至少自1996年以来即成为各大商学院和企业管理硕士(MBA)毕业生最希冀服务的企业第1或第2名。
维基词条http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E8%82%AF%E9%94%A1&variant=zh-cn
公司网站http://www.mckinsey.com/ (英文)
http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/chinasimplified/ (简体中文)

3.“永续”是我自己翻的,找不到中文名字,他网站上貌似有中国的业务。欢迎大家批评指正
公司网站http://www.sustainability.com/

公司首页第一句话

“We in big pharma should never take for granted our right to exist; our business model is not written into any country’s constitution. So we should be turning up to work every day with the mindset that we are earning the right to exist. We are earning it by meeting the expectations of society. When you start to think like this, you see the world differently.”
Andrew Witty – CEO, GlaxoSmithKline

我们这家大型药品企业永远不要以为我们的存在是理所当然的;我们的商业模式没有写入任何一个国家的宪法。所以我们每天应该带着一个这样的心态来工作,那就是我们的存在是靠我们奋斗而来的。我们要为满足社会的期望而奋斗。如果你开始像这样思考问题,你看世界的方式就变了。
Andrew Witty – CEO, 葛兰素史克股份有限公司

葛兰素史克股份有限公司(GlaxoSmithKline)(LSE:GSK、NYSE:GSK)是总部位於英国伦敦的全球第二大的制药、生物以及卫生保健公司。葛兰素史克股份有限公司是一家覆盖抗感染、中枢神经系统(CNS)、呼吸科、肠胃/代谢、肿瘤和疫苗领域的以研发为基础的公司。它同时还包含了处于领先地位的口腔卫生保健,营养饮料和一些非处方药(OTC)。
作为世界上第二大的制药公司(排名在辉瑞之后),葛兰素史克2005年的销售额达到216.6亿英镑并且纯利润达到69亿英镑。她在世界范围内雇佣了约110,000名的员工,其中市场销售人员佔了40,000。她的全球总部是英国伦敦布伦特福德的GSK House,而她的美国联合总部设在宾西法尼亚州的费城和北卡洛莱纳州的三角研究园。公司在伦敦证券交易所和纽约证券交易所挂牌交易。葛兰素史克的主要活动集中在美国,尽管她遍布世界上近70个国家。
维基词条http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E8%98%AD%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%B2%E5%85%8B

“”的9个回复

  1. 全球化的动力之源中:
    The growing liberalisation of markets around the world, giving western multinationals access to customers they never thought they would reach.的multinationals是‘跨国公司’而非‘诸国’,即全球市场的自由化进程给西方跨国公司打开了触及前所未想的顾客群之门。
    总体,文章背景知识较多,但不影响理解,本身不难。
    很多地方意译的很不过啊,借鉴。

  2. make little concession to local tastes句中的little 应该表示否定,应该是喜力不会根据当地人的喜好改变自己产品的口味

  3. The statistic that perhaps best reflects the growth of globalisation is the value of cross-border world trade expressed as a percentage of total global GDP: it was around 15% in 1990, is some 20% today and is expected by McKinsey & Company, a consulting firm, to rise to 30% by 2015.感觉应该是:历年跨国贸易总值在全球经济中所占比重的统计数据也许可以充分地体现全球经济的增长:—(说明:感觉从逻辑上说, the value 事实上对statistic起补充作用,可以看作其定语

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